Tuesday, January 28, 2020
U.S. Equal Employment Essay Example for Free
U.S. Equal Employment Essay 1.0      Overview Over the years, Human Resources has been affected by both social and demographic trends that significantly impact on Equal Employment Opportunity legislation and the entire Human Resource Management in general.  The research seeks to evaluate how effective and successful this impact has been, and what its future in Human Resource Management is. It seeks to describe the major conditions that led to the passage of each piece of EEO legislation that is, Title VII, ADA, and ADEA. In each section, we will look at legal, social, political, demographic and economic events. Secondly it will identify the problems these three pieces of legislation intended to remedy while comparing with the current status. Finally the research will look at the success of the legislations and consequently their future. 2.0      Literature Review 2.1      Title VII This deals with the refusal of employers to hire an individual as a result of his race, color, religion, sex and national background. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits such kind of employment discrimination. It covers all companies with 15 or more employees for more than 19 weeks. 2.1.1   Major Conditions that led to the passage of Title VII legislation. Legal conditions include the Civil Rights Act of 1991 amendment of several sections of Title VII. This amendment made it clear that it would be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail to hire or to discharge any individual on the basis of his background. This bill was a landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed segregation in schools and public places. On political grounds, Title VII requirements were first initiated to help African Americans but later amended to protect women in courts, and explicitly included white people as well. It also started the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Secondly, if someone has a complaint and another helps the complainant, the company should not retaliate against either. Thus it gave employees the right to complain. Title VII bill divided and engendered a long-term change in the demographics of two political parties. However, both sides of the political divide voted for the bill, which won because it increased individual liberty. One of the key provisions by Title VII is the prohibition of unintentional discrimination by use of requirements which have an adverse effect on protected groups. This is for example the use of educational requirements, tests or other restrictions which are not related to the job or even required by business necessity. Demographic conditions include the fact that pregnant women also had problems getting jobs and this rose to Title VII act which prohibits discrimination due to pregnancy. It requires that pregnancy be treated the same as any other non-work-related disability. Sexual, racial, religions and ethnic harassment was another major condition for the rising of Title VII. Thus one major provision of Title VII is the prohibition of sexual, racial, religious, and ethnic harassment by supervisors, coworkers or even by third parties. Discrimination of employees under such conditions makes companies strictly liable, which results in tangible loss of job benefits. Economically, in order to circumvent limitations on the federal use of the Equal Protection Clause handed down by the Civil Rights Cases, the law was passed under the Commerce Clause. 2.1.2   Problems the law intended to remedy. The discrimination of employment was a major problem that this law intended to remedy, thus it prohibits discrimination due to race, color, religion, gender, and national origin in hiring, employment, and termination.  These various laws intended to enable the equal treatment of all people from different backgrounds to avoid social menaces such as riots and crime. Title VII aimed to increase individual liberty. 2.2      ADA This means Americans with Disabilities Act. It is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. However, the determination of whether any particular condition is considered a disability is made on a case by case basis. The employing company must modify performance standards to accommodate the disability of an employee. For example, if an employee is unable to meet a target because of disability-related absences, then his job must be reduced. If an employee with up-to-date job requirements suddenly starts having performance problems related to the disability, the company must assess the need for new accommodations such as job transfers. There is also the requirement of provision of extra leave in order to accommodate the disability of an employee. This is for instance by taking measures such as the adoption of an automatic policy of terminations after some leave expires, and even making an individualized determination as to the hardship which would be caused by extending the leave. However, the employee does not have the right to dictate which type of accommodation is chosen by the company, as long as the accommodation allows the employee to do the work. Similarly, the company may not force an employee to take an accommodation whereas by the refusal of that accommodation, if the employee is unable to do the job, the company is entitled to terminate him. 2.2.1   Major Conditions that led to the passage of ADA legislation. Employers used to require disclosure of information from applicants including private information. This resulted into discrimination in case the applicant possessed information that favored him adversely. The ADA guidelines provide for job applicants not to be asked if they need accommodation to perform the job. They are only supposed to be asked this after the job offer or if they are to be asked, this may happen only in order for them to complete the application process. This prompts the company to ordinarily provide the requested accommodation to allow the applicant to complete the application process. Even though it seems completely futile to ask for some positions such as a deaf person applying for a job as a music judge, the applicant must still be allowed to go through the application process. It is unlawful to refuse to allow the applicant to make an application and go through the required applicant testing. As a result, companies seeking employees able to perform certain essential physical tasks may wish to consider including physical performance testing early in the application process. Legal conditions include circumstances whereby employees used to be discriminated upon and terminated as a result of not being able to do their duties, because of their conditions. In order to be considered covered by the ADA the employee does not need to mention the existence of any disability, or ask for any accommodation. All that is required is for the employee to give sufficient information to let the Company know that he may have a covered disability or may need an accommodation. Secondly, he does not need to propose any specific accommodation, but just identify the existence of an impairment and give a general description of the problems the impairment may be causing. Further, he does not need to provide a medical release to the company to allow a general review of all medical records, and may limit the release to records which apply to the particular condition at issue. A company has no duty to monitor an employee’s medications unless failure of taking the medicine by the employee causes the employee not to perform, in which case he should be disciplined. 2.2.2   Problems the law intended to remedy. Job applicants with disabilities found it difficult because of being required to give reports or mentioning the existence of inabilities. The results of such requirements led to failure to attain employment and this became a problem that needed to be remedied. Besides the reduction of employment opportunities to the disabled, this law also remedied the problem of the possibility of lost talent which could be possessed by Americans with disabilities. 2.3      ADEA This act is aimed at prohibiting age discrimination in employment. It is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, which prohibits employment discrimination against persons 40 years of age or older in the United States. This law also sets standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers and requires that information about the needs of older workers be provided to the general public. According to the ADEA regulations, it is unlawful for an employer to refuse to hire any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of his or her age. Employers should also not limit, segregate, or classify their employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of age. Reduction of the wage rate of any employee on the basis of age shall also be unlawful. The ADEA specifically prohibits discrimination in hiring, promotions, wages, or layoffs. This includes statements or specifications in job notices or advertisements of age preference and limitations, and denial of benefits to older employees. An employer may reduce benefits based on age only if the cost of providing the reduced benefits to older workers is the same as the cost of providing full benefits to younger workers. Since 1978 ADEA has prohibited mandatory retirement in most sectors, with phased elimination of mandatory retirement for tenured workers, such as college professors, in 1993.  In the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs. The setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job performance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons. Long term unemployment, may result into deterioration of skill, morale, and the risk of an employer not accepting the job applicant on the basis of age and especially if the applicant is older than average. This is high among older workers and relatively low among the younger ones. 2.3.1   Major Conditions that led to the passage of ADEA legislation. There are some circumstances that would lead to the deprivation of employment opportunities to an individual, or limit such employment opportunities. Other circumstances would adversely affect his status as an employee or as an applicant for employment, because of age.  2.3.2  Problems the law intended to remedy. What ADEA seeks to remedy includes the reinstatement and back pay for employee or damages if reinstatement is not feasible, or if the employers violation is intentional. 3.0      Current Status The three current EEO laws have been successful at achieving their intended purposes. As a result of the legislation of Title VII, any employer, labor organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency can bypass the unlawful employment practice for any person involved with any organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board. Another positive outcome of the passage of Title VII is that an individual can bring a private lawsuit on discrimination. It is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment, because such individual or applicant opposees any practice made unlawful by the ADA legislation, or because such individual or applicant for membership makes a charge, testifies, assists, or participates in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or litigation under the ADEA legislation. The ADEA law does not forbid favoring the young over the old, but it prohibits having a discriminatory preference for the young over the old. This leads to giving all job applicants equal employment opportunities regardless of their ages. However, it does not apply to state employees because of the Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents. These laws have been successful because then employees become free in working or applying for jobs, It has worked in the US and currently employers are observing the rules. The effects of these legislations have been far reaching and have had tremendous long-term impacts in the US. Some of the effects include the prohibition of discrimination in public facilities, in the government, and in employment, invalidating the Jim Crow laws in the southern US. It became illegal to compel segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring. Powers given to enforce the bill were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years. Currently, there are many upcoming events suchas a case study that acts as a precedent for futre rulings. Demographic factors arise due immkigrations caused by economic integration and globalisation. All these need to be accomodated and necessay ammendments made to existing laws. The existence of age discrimination in employment because of age affects commerce, and burdens the free flow of goods in commerce. It is therefore the purpose of this chapter to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment. 4.0      Future Status None of these EEO laws need to be changed. Even though Title I of ADA was found unconstitutional by the United States in the Supreme Court in the case of Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett, and found to be violating the States Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution sovereign immunity rights, it allowed the states to be sued for money damages. This is an indication that the legislation is in force. Title VII and the ADA may be generally applicable when a charge challenges discrimination by a foreign or foreign owned employer within the United States. However, such a respondent may allege that it is protected by the terms of a treaty or international agreement that limits the full applicability of U.S. anti-discrimination laws. The 1978 Amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act will ultimately affect the future labor force. The retirement age policies have been hurting older workers, but changes that are expected to occur will ensure better terms for them. Pension benefits have also been affecting the older work force but the future holds better terms for them. It also leads to the urge of a linked employment or retirement policy. Companies and other employers are likely to respond quickly in the future to avoid legal charges, so that they may not be seen as having refused to adhere to a law. Finally, there would be more business as a result of a variety of intellectuals in the work force, both young and old, people of different backgrounds and even those with disabilities.  5.0      References Brauer, Carl M., (1983) Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of         Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 49 Journal of     Southern History. DeLeire, Thomas. (Autumn, 2000). The Wage and Employment Effects of the Americans         with Disabilities Act. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 693-715 Fielder, J. F. (2004). Mental Disabilities and the Americans with Disabilities Act, Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2004 Loevy, Robert D. A Brief History of the Civil Rights Act OF 1964, in David C. Kozak           and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed., The American Presidency (Chicago, IL: Nelson   Hall, 1985), pp. 411-419.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Modernism and the Modern Novel Essay -- English Literature
Modernism and the Modern Novel ============================== The term modernism refers to the radical shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in the art and literature of the post-World War One period. The ordered, stable and inherently meaningful world view of the nineteenth century could not, wrote T.S. Eliot, accord with "the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history." Modernism thus marks a distinctive break with Victorian bourgeois morality; rejecting nineteenth-century optimism, they presented a profoundly pessimistic picture of a culture in disarray. This despair often results in an apparent apathy and moral relativism. In literature, the movement is associated with the works of (among others) Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, W.B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, H.D., Franz Kafka and Knut Hamsun. In their attempt to throw off the aesthetic burden of the realist novel, these writers introduced a variety of literary tactics and devices: the radical disruption of linear flow of narrative; the frustration of ..
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Analysis of Pawn Stars
Pawn Stars is a show set in a pawnshop in Las Vegas. The show goes through a day in the life of the workers. It shows all of the interesting people and items that walk through the door, and tells us a little of the history behind them. In the show pawn stars the coding and other elements in the background have a very profound effect on the show as a whole. All of the elements of the show can be broken down by the TAP model, which has three main elements text, production and audience. In the show the characters never look at the camera while they are buying and selling in the shop.The point of view is from a third person bystander. This is to give the feel that the cameraman and crew have no part in the day to day life of the characters. This third person view is broken however in the interviews and asides that the characters have. Most of the sellers of extravagant strange or expensive items are interviewed about there items using the outside as a backdrop to give the feel that the i nterview was very informal as they were walking up to the shop. The guys in the pawnshop are also interviewed. In which they give us specific information about the history of the objects and their opinions.It is all portrayed in a way to show that the guys who work at the pawn shop are very knowledgeable while the public is not. Every episode seems to be about one day at the pawnshop. They take all of the more interesting customers and objects from the previous week or month and put them into one day. They also have flash backs to earlier in the day, the lighting is different for these scenes, as they are more of a sepia color to signify the time difference. The lighting for most of the show is bright and welcoming, like they are encouraging you to walk right in.The music in Pawn Stars also takes a huge role in setting the mood. You have intense suspenseful music when Rick or one of the guys is negotiating, that then switches to happy music once an agreement is made. The element of music has made a huge impact on the more recent episodes as the producers strive to make the show more interesting, to attract more viewers. In previous episodes the coding was more low key, allowing the show to have more straight facts with out all of the drama. The opposite is now true in more recent episodes.Pawn stars is clearly a â€Å"reality show†while the facts and artifacts are real the sellers and every thing else for the most part is staged. There is a huge difference in the show’s dynamic when it first came out and where it is today. Originally it was simple and to the point there was very little drama and the show focused on the neat artifacts and collectibles being bought and sold at the shop. But over time they ran out of â€Å"real†costumers bringing in one of a kind collectibles. So they cheated a little by bringing in actors and merchandise.The level of drama and interactions or little quarrels outside the business has increased. Most new epi sodes have at least one very disgruntled customer or seller swearing at the camera and running off. There has been so much more drama and suspense added in in order to increase their viewers. A quick internet search shows its possible to get just about anything with the Pawn Stars logo on it, they even have short video games and books related to it. The main purpose of the show is to make money by maximizing profits with out losing viewers.The original audience for the show was the typical History Channel audience, male viewers. But in order to get more viewers they have taken a more true reality TV approach, put as much drama as possible in it to make it suspenseful and interesting. I do not like this approach and typically do not like shows that have so much â€Å"fake†drama. This TAP model is a great way to break down a media form into its basic elements in order to fully understand it I will never look at TV shows or other media the same way again.
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Roman mythology applies to the religious system, and...
Roman mythology applies to the religious system, and origins of ancient Rome. These attributes are found through the art and literature that the Romans provide. Although, the Romans have supernatural elements they still proceeded to treat their traditional stories historically. The Romans focused on how a person contributes to the Roman community, and merely concentrate on politics and morality. Catholicism is one of the most common known religions. Catholicism focuses on the traditions, and values of the Christian churches. The two main things that differentiate Roman mythology, and modern day catholicism is their: beliefs and religion. What two types of religions are in our world today? In our world today, many people are either born†¦show more content†¦Who did the Romans believe and worship in? Ancient Roman religion played a very important role, they were known for having a Polytheistic religion. During this time period, they centered their lives around believing and worshiping multiple gods. There were all different types of goddess’ such as goddess of: war, sea, hunting, healing and wisdom, love, and ect. Although, out of all the different gods Jupiter was the most important. Jupiter was the king of all gods that Romans worshiped. Each god would have a special festival day, which was celebrated by the public. They could come the temples and worship the god, and also bring them animals to sacrifice. How did the Romans live out their religion? Ancient Roman religion had many state official religious posts. Each individual post had a different purpose, and served an important role. There were five posts: Pontiffs, Haruspexs, Augurs, Flamens, and Vestal Virgins. Pontiffs created a code, calendar, and dates of religious days. Haruspex was a priest who told people their futures. He was great at telling their futures only because he outlived civilization for centuries. Augurs decided what and when the gods approved government action. Flamens were priests who approved/disapproved different sacrifices. There were three major Flamens: Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. Vestal Virgins had the job of making sure the sacred fire of Vestal burned. At these posts were where the Romans practiced their religion. WhatShow MoreRelatedHistory of Theatre Lesson Notes Essay5401 Words  | 22 Pagesï » ¿Lesson 1: Origins of Theatre Learning objectives: List the performance elements and understand their role in both ritual and theatre: time, place, participants (players, audience), scenario (agenda/goal/text/rules), clothing (uniform, costume, mask, makeup), sound (speech, music), movement (gesture, pantomime, dance), and function or purpose. Can be clock or fictional time, places vary (designed to meet needs), rituals might take place in one space or they might involve a procession with portionsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words  | 319 Pagescountries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning
Friday, December 27, 2019
The Issues Of Cyber Bullying - 946 Words
Coastal Carolina University The Issues of Cyber-bullying Alyssa Staub CSCI 101 – D1 Professor Matthews October 23, 2017 Cyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children at school. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parents, and some type of discipline between the children involved. Today however, for bullies has dramatically changed and the risk-reward balance has been significantly tilted in favor of the bullies. The Emergence of Technology Today, bullies can†¦show more content†¦A case can be made that for engaged participants within massively multiplayer online role playing games, their social well being is paramount in their realization of happiness and acceptance. This paper will also try to make a case for why bullying in these virtual gaming worlds can be more damaging to participants than traditional bullying. Cyber Bullying as a Criminological Issue The world has adopted the Internet as one of the most popular mediums for exchanging information, and criminologists need to be well versed in its complexities in order to make meaningful, relevant, and thought-provoking research. Cyber bullying piggy backs on the foundations of traditional bullying in principle, but provides instigators with a presumed veil of anonymity which modernizes the bullies’ process of bullying. Bullies naturally have less inhibition when they are bullying online because they can be safe at home without fear of repercussion. This is extremely troubling considering there is very little fear of reprisal in an online environment. There are no â€Å"internet police†actively monitoring conversations or information. The cold truth is that nothing will ever happen to a cyber bully unless the victim(s) report it and pursue it legally. The situationShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Cyber Bullying1997 Words  | 8 Pagesare face to face with peers and fri ends daily so their internet use would be most prominent whilst at home. With such frequent activity and easily accessible Internet access problems are bound to arise which is how the issue of cyber bullying is born. The definition of â€Å"Cyber Bullying is the act of using the Internet, mobile phones, video games, or other technology gadgets to send, text, or post images intended to hurt or embarrass another person.†(Friendlyschools 2015). The case study topic of cyberbullyingRead MoreThe Issue Of Cyber Bullying1772 Words  | 8 Pages Cyber Bullying Social media is a way a person can stay connected to the world by a click of a button. But with the privilege to have access to such advanced technology comes responsibility and those people who abuse the right and take advantage of others via social media. In today’s society cyber bullying is discussed in the realm of the action taking place and the effect that it has on a victim and how people can step in and make a change in the fight against bullying. Cyber bullying is usingRead MoreEssay about Exploring the Issue of Cyber Bullying1238 Words  | 5 PagesCyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children in the school yard. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parents, and some sort of reconciliation between the children invo lved. Today however, the climate for bullies has dramatically changed and theRead MoreThe Prevention of Cyberbullying627 Words  | 3 PagesInternet, bullying persists with new forms and faces. Bullies can hide behind anonymous user profiles online, creating an environment in which young victims have no direct resources. Effective methods of controlling the problem of cyber bullying are necessary to prevent problems such as suicide. One student in Iowa committed suicide after bullies at his school posted that the student was gay on Facebook; as a result of this and related suicides, the state of Iowa is redefining what cyber bullying is inRead MoreCyber Bullying1455 Words  | 6 PagesRunning head: Bullying Issues 1 Bullying Issues: Cyber bullying vs. Traditional Bulllying Horache Allen Compostion1 Jan 29, 2013 Bullying Issues 2 Bullying Issues: Cyber Bullying vs. Traditional Bullying Are you a victim of cyber bullying? Or were you theRead MoreCyber Bullying Must Be Improved And Consistent1267 Words  | 6 Pages Amanda Bridges Ms. Shultz / Mrs. Seymore English 5th Period 28 January 2015 Cyber Bullying Have you ever been cyber bullied? The effects of cyberbullying are greater than many people have come to realize. Cyber bullies have been around for a long time, but technology now gives them a whole new way to get to their victims easier and faster. Cyberbullying is the use of information technology to repeatedly harm or harass other people in a deliberate manner (abouthealth). Cyberbullying happensRead MoreCriminalization of Cyberbullying1026 Words  | 5 Pageseffects of cyber bullying are becoming a growing problem, the criminalization of cyber bullying is needed to prevent its harmful repercussions to the United States and serve as a deterrent. Cyber bullying has become the 21st century version of bullying; it has extended beyond the classroom and onto a virtual world that seems to have no real-life effects. The world is now able to bully someone in the comfort of his or her own home, at any given point, with the use of technology. However, Cyber bullyingRead MoreCyber Bu llying And Its Effect On Society1536 Words  | 7 PagesBullying has been an extreme issue all around the world for hundreds of years, and since modern technology has advanced, so has cyber bullying. â€Å"‘Gimme’ your lunch money†has turned into texting and posting gruesome threats and embarrassing material all over social media. Millions of kids all over the world have taken their own lives due to the harmful effects of cyber bullying. Problems that cannot be resolved independently are brought to court, and the government has become increasingly involvedRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Its Victims1651 Words  | 7 Pagescreating, changing and shifting the individuals who live in it, especially cyber bullying. With the rise in the use of technology, digital culture and anonymity, cyber bullying has become a prominent issue that can have negative psychological effects on its victims through the power of these technological advances. This new 21st century term is derived from standard physical bullying has become a prominent and revolving issue as cellphone, texting and social media sites take away one’s privacy by causingRead MoreTeens as Victims of Cyberbullying1482 Words  | 6 Pages â€Å"Around half of teens have been the victims of cyber bullies,†Richard Webster from the â€Å"Cyber bullying is when a person or a group is trying to embarrass and harm or intimidate those who are weaker than them†. â€Å"Cyber bullying to texting: What’s on your kids ‘Cell?†What is cyber bullying? The Stop bullying Organization explains what the meaning of cyber bullying is. Cyber bullies are able to use cells phones and the internet to make it very easy bully other people. Lawmakers and Schools should
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Ib Business Steeple Analysis - - 763 Words
Every country has its own legislations however in the course of achieving their aims and objectives, businesses face challenges from both within and outside of their organizations. Those internal and external opportunities and risks will effect a firm’s gradual performance, therefore to analyze these factors and understand them to carry out effective decisions we use something called the STEEPLE analysis. STEEPLE analyses and examines the context in which the authority operates. Identifies key issues that exists (or are emerging) in the internal and external environment, by suggests how these will or may impact on the future strategy and resources. The factors are identified in these 7 areas: Social: Factors that include cultural†¦show more content†¦For example the actions of rival firms can alter performances of businesses. Hong Kong has faced a considerable flow of traffic involving tourist and travelers present in Hong Kong. A lot of mainlanders and travelers from neighboring regions have started swarming in Hong Kong due to the opening of Disneyland in 2002.The large rise of the number of consumers available in Hong Kong, whom are mostly very well off have therefore raise the consumer confidence overall. External environment: The factors that may effect any business activity and issues that should be addressed in any business strategy carried out. They include business strategies like the potential cost and benefits of a joint venture, marketing planning (like threats from other rival businesses), business propositions (whether to further expand the business internationally or not). Starbucks company has the opportunity to expand its global operations. Starbucks has already created branches located all globally. There are just as many Starbucks available in Hong Kong have opened over 60 new shops by the end of 2005. New markets for coffee such as India and the around the Pacific rims are beginning to emerge. Political: Government legislations like employment law, consumer protection rights, copyrights and trademark and regulations used as boundaries for
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Bugs Bunny D Essay Example For Students
Bugs Bunny : D Essay Bugs Bunny is an American fictional character who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1944. In 2002, he was named by TV Guide as the best cartoon character of all time. Bugs starred in 163 shorts in the Golden Age of American animation, and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films. According to Bugs Bunny: 50 Years and Only One Grey Hare, he was born in 1940 in Brooklyn, New York (in a warren under Ebbets Field, famed home of the Brooklyn Dodgers), created by Tex Avery (who directed A Wild Hare, Bugs Bunnys debut) and Robert McKimson (who created the definitive Bugs Bunny character design), among many others. According to Mel Blanc, the characters original voice actor, Bugs Bunny has a Flatbush accent, an equal blend of the Bronx and Brooklyn dialects (of the New York Accent). His catchphrase is a casual Eh whats up, doc? , usually said while chewing a carrot. His other popular phrases include Of course you realize, this means war, Aint I a stinker? and I knew I shoulda taken that left turn at Albuquerque. Bugs Bunny is the main character of the Looney Tunes series. Contents 1 History 1. 1 The unnamed, prototype Warner Bros. rabbit 1. 2 Bugs Bunny emerges 1. 3 World War II 1. 4 The post-war era 1. 5 After the classic cartoon era 2 Personality and catchphrases 2. 1 Rabbit or hare? 2. 2 The opening and closing 3 Voice actors 4 Cameos 5 International 6 Current popularity 7 Awards 7. 1 Academy Awards 7. 2 Academy Award nominations See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History The unnamed, prototype Warner Bros. rabbit Main article: Evolution of Bugs Bunny An unnamed rabbit bearing some of the personality, if not physical characteristics of Bugs, first appeared in the cartoon short Porkys Hare Hunt, released on April 30, 1938. Co-directed by Ben Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton (who was responsible for the initial de sign of the rabbit), this short had a theme almost identical to that of the 1937 cartoon, Porkys Duck Hunt (directed by Tex Avery), which had introduced Daffy Duck. Porky Pig was again cast as a hunter tracking another silly prey who seemed less interested in escape than in driving his pursuer insane; this short replaced the black duck with a small white rabbit. The rabbit introduces himself with the odd expression Jiggers, fellers, and Mel Blanc gave the rabbit nearly the voice and laugh that he would later use for Woody Woodpecker. This cartoon also features the famous Groucho Marx line that Bugs would use many times: Of course you know, this means war! The rabbit developed a following from the audience viewing this cartoon which inspired the Schlesinger staff to further develop the character. First incarnation of the rabbit debuts in Porkys Hare Hunt (1938)The rabbits second appearance came in 1939s Prest-O Change-O, directed by Chuck Jones, where he is the pet rabbit of unseen character Sham-Fu the Magician. Two dogs, fleeing the local dogcatcher, enter his absent masters house. The rabbit harasses them, but is ultimately bested by the bigger of the two dogs. His third appearance was in another 1939 cartoon, Hare-um Scare-um, directed by Dalton and Hardaway. This short, the first where he was depicted as a gray bunny instead of a white one, is also notable both for the rabbits first singing role. Charlie Thorson, lead animator on the short, was the first to give the character a name. He had written Bugs Bunny on the model sheet that he drew for Hardaway, implying that he considered the rabbit model sheet to be Hardaways property. In promotional material for the short (such as a surviving 1939 presskit), the name on the model sheet was altered to become the rabbits own name: Bugs Bunny (quotation marks only used at the very beginning), evidently named in honor of Bugs Hardaway. 3] In Chuck Jones Elmers Candid Camera the rabbit first encounters Elmer Fudd. This rabbit has more of a physical resemblance to the present-day Bugs, being taller and having a more similar face. The voice for this rabbit, however, was not similar to the well-known Brooklyn-Bronx accent, but spoke in a rural drawl. This early version of Elmer is also quite different from the present-day one, being much fatter and taller, although the voice, done by Arthur Q. Bryan, is the same. In Robert Clampetts 1940 Patient Porky, a similar rabbit appears to trick the audience into thinking that 750 rabbits have been born. In his later years, Mel Blanc stated that a proposed name was Happy Rabbit. Ironically, the only time the name Happy was used was in reference to Bugs Hardaway. In the cartoon Hare-um Scare-um, the newspaper headline reads, Happy Hardaway. Bugs Bunny emerges Bugs appearance in A Wild Hare, directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is considered the first appearance of both Elmer and Bugs in their fully developed forms. It was in this cartoon that he first emerged from his rabbit hole to ask Elmer Fudd, now a hunter rather than a photographer, Whats up, Doc? Animation historian Joe Adamson counts A Wild Hare as the first official Bugs Bunny short. It is also the first cartoon where Mel Blanc uses a recognizable version of the voice of Bugs that would eventually become the standard. Bugs second appearance in Jones Elmers Pet Rabbit finally introduced the audience to the name Bugs Bunny, which up until then had only been used among the Termite Terrace employees. However, the rabbit here is absolutely identical to the one in Jones earlier Elmers Candid Camera, both visually and vocally. It was also the first short where he received billing under his now-famous name, but the card, featuring Bugs Bunny, was just slapped on the end of the completed shorts opening titles when A Wild Hare proved an unexpected success. He would soon become the most prominent of the Looney Tunes characters as his calm, flippant insouciance endeared him to American audiences during and after World War II. Bugs would appear in five more shorts during 1941: Tortoise Beats Hare, directed by Tex Avery and featuring the first appearance of Cecil Turtle; Hiawathas Rabbit Hunt, the first Bugs Bunny short to be directed by Friz Freleng; All This and Rabbit Stew, directed by Avery and featuring a young African-American hunter (based heavily on racial stereotypes) as Bugs antagonist; The Heckling Hare, the final Bugs short Avery worked on before being fired (Avery and producer Schlesinger vehemently disagreed over the ending gag of The Heckling Hare, and Avery refused to compromise his creative principles) and leaving for MGM; and Wabbit Twouble, the first Bugs short directed by Robert Clampett. Wabbit Twouble was also the first of five Bugs shorts to feature a chubbier remodel of Elmer Fudd, a short-lived attempt to have Fudd more closely resemble his voice actor, comedian Arthur Q. Bryan. World War II By 1942, Bugs had become the number one star of the Merrie Melodies series, which had originally been intended only for one-shot characters in shorts after several early attempts to introduce characters failed under Harman-Ising, but had started introducing newer characters in 1937 under Schlesinger. Bugs 1942 shorts included Friz Frelengs The Wabbit Who Came to Supper, and the Robert Clampett shorts The Wacky Wabbit and Bugs Bunny Gets the Boid (which introduced Beaky Buzzard). Bugs Bunny Gets the Boid also marks a slight redesign of Bugs, making his front teeth less prominent and his head rounder. The man responsible for this redesign was Robert McKimson, at the time working as an animator under Robert Clampett. The redesign at first was only used in the shorts created by Clampetts production team but in time, it would be adopted by the other directors, with Freleng and Frank Tashlin the first to adopt this design. Upon his own promotion to director, McKimson created yet another version with more slanted eyes, longer teeth and a much larger mouth, which he (and, for the one Bugs Bunny cartoon he directed, Art Davis) used until 1949, when he started using the version he had designed for Clampett. Jones would come up with his own slight modification, and the voice as well would vary mildly between the units. Other 1942 Bugs shorts included Chuck Jones Hold the Lion, Please, Frelengs Fresh Hare and The Hare-Brained Hypnotist (which restored Elmer Fudd to his previous size), and Jones Case of the Missing Hare. He also made cameo appearances in Tex Averys final Warner Bros. hort, Crazy Cruise, and starred in the two-minute United States war bonds commercial film Any Bonds Today. Bugs was popular during World War II because of his free and easy attitude, and began receiving special star billing in his cartoons by 1943. By that time, Warner Bros. was the most profitable cartoon studio in the United States. Like other cartoon studios, such as Disney and Famous Studios had been doing, Warners put Bugs in opposition to the periods biggest enemies: Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and the Japanese. The 1944 short Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips features Bugs at odds with a group of Japanese soldiers. This cartoon has since been pulled from distribution due to its racial stereotypes. Since Bugs debut in A Wild Hare, he had appeared only in color Merrie Melodie cartoons (making him one of the few recurring characters created for that series in the Leon Schlesinger era prior to the full conversion to color, alongside Elmers prototype Egghead, Inki, Sniffles, and Elmer himself who was heard but not seen in the 1942 Looney Tunes cartoon Nutty News, and made his first formal appearance in that series in 1943s To Duck or Not To Duck). While he did make a cameo appearance in the 1943 Porky and Daffy cartoon Porky Pigs Feat marking his only appearance in a black-and-white Looney Tune cartoon, he did not star in a cartoon in the Looney Tunes series until that series made its complete conversion to only color cartoons beginning with 1944 releases. Buckaroo Bugs was Bugs first cartoon in the Looney Tunes series, and was also the last WB cartoon to credit Leon Schlesinger. Among his most notable civilian shorts during this period are Bob Clampetts Tortoise Wins by a Hare (the sequel to Tortoise Beats Hare from 1941), A Corny Concerto (a spoof of Disneys Fantasia), Falling Hare, and Whats Cookin Doc? ; and Chuck Jones Superman parody Super-Rabbit, and Frelengs Little Red Riding Rabbit. The 1944 short Bugs Bunny and the Three Bears introduced Jones The Three Bears characters. In the cartoon Super-Rabbit, Bugs was seen in the end wearing a USMC dress uniform. As a result, the United States Marine Corps made Bugs an honorary Marine Master Sergeant. From 1943-1946, Bugs was the official mascot of Kingman Army Air Field, Kingman, Arizona, where thousands of aerial gunners were trained during World War II. Some notable trainees included Clark Gable and Charles Bronson. Bugs also served as the mascot for 530 Squadron of the 380th Bombardment Group, 5th Air Force, USAF, which was attached to the Royal Australian Air Force and operated out of Australias Northern Territory from 1943 to 1945, flying B-24 Liberator bombers. In 1944, Bugs Bunny actually made a cameo appearance in Jasper Goes Hunting, a short produced by rival studio Paramount Pictures. In this cameo (animated by Robert McKimson, with Mel Blanc providing the voice), Bugs pops out of a rabbit hole, saying his usual catchphrase; Bugs then says, I must be in the wrong picture and then goes back in the hole. He also appeared fleetingly in the 1947 Arthur Davis cartoon The Goofy Gophers. The post-war era A scene from Bewitched Bunny (1954)A slight variation of how the character was drawn in the 1950s can be seen in the frame from Bewitched Bunny (1954). The inner pinkish parts of the ears have been reduced becoming more v-shaped at the top end and the ovalness of the eyes also replaced with a more top v shaped look. His cheeks protrude out more, and body is more compacted, when compared how he was drawn in the 1940s, arising to the distinct look of how he is drawn today. Since then, Bugs has appeared in numerous cartoon shorts in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series, making his last appearance in the theatrical cartoons in 1964 with False Hare. He was directed by Friz Freleng, Robert McKimson, Arthur Davis and Chuck Jones and appeared in feature films, including Who Framed Roger Rabbit (which featured the first-ever meeting between Bugs and his box-office rival Mickey Mouse), Space Jam (which co-starred Michael Jordan), and the 2003 movie Looney Tunes: Back in Action. The Bugs Bunny short Knighty Knight Bugs (1958), in which a medieval Bugs Bunny traded blows with Yosemite Sam and his fire-breathing dragon (which has a cold), won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons of 1958. Three of Chuck Jones Bugs Bunny shortsRabbit Fire, Rabbit Seasoning, and Duck, Rabbit, Duck! comprise what is often referred to as the Duck Season/Rabbit Season trilogy, and are considered among the directors best works. Jones 1957 classic, Whats Opera, Doc? features Bugs and Elmer parodying Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen, and has been deemed culturally significant by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was the first cartoon short to receive this honor. Bugs appeared in the 1957 short Show Biz Bugs with Daffy Duck, which features a controversial finish in which Daffy Duck, in an attempt to wow the (partisan) audience, did a dangerous magical act in which he (in sequence) drank gasoline, swallowed nitroglycerine, gunpowder, and uranium-238 (in a greenish solution), jumped up and down to shake well, and finally swallowed a match that detonated the whole improbable mixture. That incident caused some TV stations, and in the 1990s the cable network TNT, to edit out the dangerous act, fearing that young kids might try to imitate it. In the fall of 1960, The Bugs Bunny Show, a television program which packaged many of the post-1948 Warners shorts with newly animated wraparounds, debuted on ABC. The show was originally aired in prime-time. After two seasons, it was moved to reruns on Saturday mornings. The Bugs Bunny Show changed format and exact title frequently (the packaging was completely different, with each short simply presented on its own, title and all, though some clips from the new bridging material was used as filler), but it remained on network television for 40 years. After the classic cartoon era When Mel Blanc died in 1989, Jeff Bergman, Joe Alaskey and Billy West became the new voices to Bugs Bunny and the rest of the Looney Tunes, taking turns doing the voices at various times. Income Inequality EssayLater Bugs Bunny defeated the Count Blood Count in a magical spell duel. However, the story was a dream and Bugs Bunnys victory over Count Blood Count was a result of his intellect, not innate magical power. Rabbit or hare? The animators throughout Bugs history have treated the terms rabbit and hare as synonymous. Taxonomically they are not synonymous, being somewhat similar but observably different types of lagomorphs. Hares have much longer ears than rabbits, so Bugs might seem to be of the hare family, yet rabbits live in burrows, like Bugs is seen to do. Many more of the cartoon titles include the word hare rather than rabbit, as hare lends itself easily to puns (hair, air, etc. ) Within the cartoons, although the term hare comes up sometimes, again typically as a pun (for example, Bugs drinking hare tonic to stop falling hare or being doused with hare restorer to bring him back from invisibility), Bugs as well as his antagonists most often refer to the character as a rabbit. The word bunny is of no help in answering this question, as it is a synonym for both young hares and young rabbits. In Nike commercials with Michael Jordan, Bugs had been referred to as Hare Jordan. The opening and closing In the opening of many of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, the Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes rings contain Bugs Bunnys head after the Warner Bros. shield (generally from 1944 and 1949 onward). Others have Bugs Bunny relaxing on top of the Warner Bros. hield: He chews on his carrot, looks angrily at the camera and pulls down the next logo (Merrie Melodies or Looney Tunes) like a window shade (generally on cartoons between 1945 until early 1949). Then he lifts it back up, to now be seen lying on his own name, which then fades into the title of the specific short. In some other cases, the title card sometimes fades to him, already on his name and chewing his carrot then fade to the name of the short. At the finish of some, Bugs breaks out of a drum (like Porky Pig) and says, And thats the end. Also, at the end of Box Office Bunny, right after Daffy Duck and Elmer Fudd run out through the Looney Tunes Thats All Folks! sequence, Bugs later comes in through the rings and says, And thats all, folks! . He did the ending for the last time at the end of Space Jam but this time saying Well, thats all, folks! . Voice actors The following are the many voice actors who have voiced the character Bugs Bunny over the last seventy years: Mel Blanc voiced the character for 49 years, from Bugs debut in A Wild Hare (1940) until Blancs death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent per se, but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. 1] In Bugs second cartoon Elmers Pet Rabbit, Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice was better. Though his best-known character was the carrot-chomping rabbit, munching on the carrots interrupted the dialogue. Various substitut es, such as celery, were tried, but none of them sounded like a carrot. So for the sake of expedience, he would munch and then spit the carrot bits into a spittoon rather than swallowing them, and continue with the dialogue. One oft-repeated story, possibly originating from Bugs Bunny: Superstar, is that he was allergic to carrots and had to spit them out to minimize any allergic reaction  but his utobiography makes no such claim; in fact, in a 1984 interview with Tim Lawson, co-author of The Magic Behind The Voices: A Whos Who of Cartoon Voice Actors (University Press of Mississippi, 2004), Blanc emphatically denied being allergic to carrots. Jeff Bergman was the first to voice Bugs (and several other Looney Tunes characters) after Mel Blanc died in 1989. He got the job by impressing Warner Bros. higher-ups with a tape of himself re-creating the voices of several of Blancs characters, including Bugs Bunny. He had rigged the tape player so that he could use a switch to insta ntly toggle back and forth between the original recording of Blanc and Bergmans recording of the same lines. Upon doing this, it was almost impossible for the producers to tell which voice was Blancs and which voice was Bergman; thus his vocal ability was established and his career launched. Bergman first voiced Bugs during the 1990 Academy Awards and then in Box Office Bunny, a 4-minute Looney Tunes short released in 1990 to commemorate Bugs fiftieth anniversary. Bergman would next voice Bugs Bunny in the 1991 short (Blooper) Bunny, a Greg Ford-directed cartoon also produced to coincide with Bugs Bunnys fiftieth anniversary. However, the short never received its intended theatrical release and was shelved for years, until Cartoon Network rediscovered it and broadcast it on their channel several years later. (Blooper) Bunny has since garnered a cult following among animation fans for its use of edgy humor. 16] Other works for which Bergman provided Bugs voice include Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers (an obvious parody of the 1950s sci-fi classic Invasion of the Body Snatchers), Tiny Toon Ad ventures (a popular television program of the early nineties that featured the classic Looney Tunes characters as mentors to their younger counterparts) in the first season, and Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (a television special exposing children to dangers of illegal drugs). Bergman would continue to do the voice of Bugs Bunny until 1993. In 2010, for the first time in nearly a decade, Bergman will return to voice Bugs Bunny for Cartoon Networks upcoming series, The Looney Tunes Show. Greg Burson first voiced Bugs in later episodes of Tiny Toon Adventures. He was then given the responsibility of voicing Bugs in 1995s Carrotblanca, a well-received 8-minute Looney Tunes cartoon originally shown in cinemas alongside The Amazing Panda Adventure (US) and The Pebble and the Penguin (non-US); it has since been released on video packaged with older Looney Tunes cartoons and was even included in the special edition DVD release of Casablanca, of which it is both a parody and an homage. Burson next voiced Bugs in the 1996 short From Hare to Eternity; the film is notable for being dedicated to the memory of the then-just deceased Friz Freleng, and for being the final Looney Tunes cartoon that Chuck Jones directed. Greg Burson also provided Bugs voice in The Bugs and Daffy Show, which ran on Cartoon Network from 1996 to 2003. He died in 2008. Billy West has been in television since the late 1980s. His first role was for the 1988 revived version of Bob Clampetts Beany and Cecil. Wests breakthrough role then came almost immediately, as the voice of Stimpy and later Ren in John Kricfalusis Ren Stimpy. West has since been the voice talent for close to 120 different characters, including some of the most iconic animated figures in television history. Perhaps Wests most notable film work came in the 1996 movie Space Jam. Starring alongside Michael Jordan, West provided the voice of both Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. West would go on to reprise the roles of Bugs in subsequent Looney Tunes productions, including his cameos on Histeria! , the Kids WB! romotional spots, and the 2006 Christmas-themed special Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas and the DVD compilations Reality Check and Stranger Than Fiction, along with several Looney Tunes-centric CDs, cartoons, and video games. Billy West is, along with fellow voice artist Joe Alaskey, credited as one of the current successors of Mel B lanc in impersonating the voice of Bugs Bunny. Joe Alaskey, like Jeff Bergman, is well-known for his ability to successfully impersonate many Looney Tunes characters. In fact, Alaskey voiced Yosemite Sam in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, as original voice actor Mel Blanc had found it too hard on his vocal cords. This makes Sam one of the few voices created by Blanc to be voiced by someone else during his lifetime. ) Joe Alaskeys first performance as Bugs Bunny came in the 2003 feature film Looney Tunes: Back in Action, although he had tested performing the role in a few earlier projects, such as Tweetys High-Flying Adventure. While still best known for providing the voice of Daffy Duck, Alaskey has also gone on to do Bugs voice in several subsequent productions, including Daffy Duck for President (which was released on The Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2 and dedicated to then-just deceased Chuck Jones) and several recent video games and Looney Tunes cartoons, including Hare and L oathing in Las Vegas. Joe Alaskey is, along with fellow voice actor Billy West, credited as one of the current successors of Mel Blanc in impersonating the voice of Bugs Bunny. Samuel Vincent served as the voice of Bugs in the Cartoon Network TV series Baby Looney Tunes. Noel Blanc, Mel Blancs son, voiced Bugs for the Tiny Toons special Its a Wonderful Tiny Toon Christmas Special. The elder Blanc claimed in his later years that Noel substituted for Mel in various cartoon studios, including doing Bugs at Warner Bros. , while he was recovering from a near-fatal car wreck. Noel can also be seen doing Bugs voice with his father in the documentary on the making of the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Cameos Bugs Bunny has had cameo appearances in several cartoons, including one Private SNAFU short. For his appearance in The Goofy Gophers his voice was sped up. Crazy Cruise (1942) Porky Pigs Feat (1943) This marks Bugs only appearance in a black-and-white Looney Tunes short. Jasper Goes Hunting (1944, for Paramount) Odor-able Kitty (1945) The Goofy Gophers (1947) The Lions Busy (1950) Duck Amuck (1953) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008, as one of the forms of The Martian Manhunter). He was voiced by Joe Alaskey. Family Guy (The Most notable being Elmer Fudd instantly shooting Bugs and breaking his neck afterwards). Seth MacFarlane provided the voice of Bugs. International Bugs Bunny cartoons air in countries outside of the United States. In most cases, the original US cartoons are simply redubbed in the native language and the characters are usually given names more fitting for the country in which they are appearing. For example, in Finland, Bugs Bunny is called Vaiski Vemmelsaari. Current popularity In 2002, TV Guide compiled a list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time as part of the magazines 50th anniversary. Bugs Bunny was given the honor of number 1. In a CNN broadcast on July 31, 2002, a TV Guide editor talked about the group that created the list. The editor also explained why Bugs pulled top billing: His stock has never gone down Bugs is the best example of the smart-aleck American comic. He not only is a great cartoon character, hes a great comedian. He was written well. He was drawn beautifully. He has thrilled and made many generations laugh. He is tops. Additionally, in Animal Planets 50 Greatest Movie Animals (2004), Bugs was named #3, behind Mickey Mouse and Toto. Bugs Bunnys enduring impact on comedic actors also cannot be overestimated. During an interview for Inside the Actors Studio, comedian Dave Chappelle cited Bugs Bunny as one of his earliest influences, praising voice actor Mel Blanc. According to Time Warner, Bugs Bunny became the current official mascot for Six Flags theme parks beginning with their 45th anniversary. Awards Academy Awards Knighty Knight Bugs (1958) edit] Academy Award nominations A Wild Hare (1940) Hiawathas Rabbit Hunt (1941) See also The Golden Age of American animation List of Bugs Bunny cartoons Looney Tunes List of Looney Tunes feature-length films References 1. ^ a b c Barrier, Michael (2003-11-06). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. United States: Oxford Universi ty Press. p. 672. ISBN 978-0195167290. 2. ^ Bugs Bunny#39. Encyclop? dia Britannica. Britannica. com. http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9095426/Bugs-Bunny. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 3. ^ Leading the Animation Conversation  » Rare 1939 Looney Tunes Book found! . Cartoon Brew. 2008-04-03. http://www. artoonbrew. com/classic/rare-1938-looney-tunes-book-found. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 4. ^ a b Blanc, Mel; Bashe, Philip (1989). Thats Not All, Folks!. Clayton South, VIC, Australia: Warner Books. 5. ^ Looney Tunes Hidden Gags. Gregbrian. tripod. com. http://gregbrian. tripod. com/hidden/hid04. html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 6. ^ Adamson, Joe (1990). Bugs Bunny: 50 Years and Only One Grey Hare. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-1855-7. 7. ^ Lehman, Christopher P. (2008). The Colored Cartoon: Black Representation in American Animated Short Films, 1907-1954. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781558496132. http://books. google. com/? d=xMWhTUFFuqoCpg=PA73lpg=PA73dq=%22 any+bonds+today%22+%22bugs+bunny%22+theatrical+cartoon. Retrieved 2009-02-25. 8. ^ Audio commentary by Paul Dini for Super-Rabbit on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3 (2005). 9. ^ History of the 380th Bomb Group. 380th. org. http://380th. org/380-History. html. Retrieved 2010-01-07. 10. ^ a b Jasper Goes Hunting information. Bcdb. com. http://www. bcdb. com/cartoon/36556-Jasper_Goes_Hunting. html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 11. ^ Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny stamp. National Postal Museum Smithsonian. 12. ^ http://www. comingsoon. net/news/movienews. php? id=68752 13. ^ Transcript of Duck Soup. Script-o-rama. com. http://www. script-o-rama. om/movie_scripts/d/duck-soup-script-transcript-marx. html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 14. ^ It Happened One Night film review by Tim Dirks. Filmsite. org. http://www. filmsite. org/itha. html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 15. ^ Adamson, Joe (1975). Tex Avery: King of Cartoons. New York: De Capo Press. 16. ^ a b Knight, Richard. Consider the Source. Chicagor eader. com. http://www. chicagoreader. com/movies/archives/2001/0101/010126. html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 17. ^ Piirroselokuvien taitaja Chuck Jones kuollut. Mtv3. fi. February 23, 2002. http://www. mtv3. fi/uutiset/arkisto. shtml/arkistot/kulttuuri/2002/02/101933. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 18. ^ Bugs Bunny tops greatest cartoon
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